Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. "The compositionally zoned eruption of 1912 in the Valley of Ten Thousand smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska". Anchorage, Alaska: National Park Service, Alaska Support Office. Building in an Ashen Land – Historic Resource Study of Katmai National Park and Preserve.
^ Clemens, Janet Norris, Frank (1999). "Witness: Firsthand Accounts of the Largest Volcanic Eruption in the Twentieth Century". Washington, D.C., USA: National Geographic Society. ^ Rosi, Mauro Papale, Paolo Lupi, Luca Stoppato, Marco (2003). Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-489. "Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska". ^ Fierstein, Judy Hildreth, Wes (2000). (editors) (1990) Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9-8, p. "The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska". ^ Fierstein, Judy Hildreth, Wes (December 11, 2004). "Can Another Great Volcanic Eruption Happen in Alaska?". ^ Fierstein, Judy Hildreth, Wes Hendley II, James W. ^ Simkin, Tom Siebert, Lee Blong, Russell J. Conduit and Eruption Dynamics of the 1912 Vulcanian Explosions at Novarupta, Alaska (PDF) (Thesis). ^ "The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Katmai National Park and Preserve". "Hiking the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes" (PDF). However, the Native villages experiencing the heaviest ash falls were abandoned and the inhabitants relocated. Ash threatened to contaminate drinking water and destroyed food resources, but the Alaska Natives were aided in their survival by traditional knowledge passed down through generations from previous eruptions. : 3 Eyewitness accounts from people located downwind in the path of a thick ash cloud described the gradual lowering of visibility to next to nothing. ĭespite the magnitude of the eruption, no deaths directly resulted. The 295-foot (90 m) high and 1,180-foot (360 m) wide dome it created forms what is now referred to as Novarupta. The eruption ended with the extrusion of a lava dome of rhyolite that plugged the vent. During the eruption a large quantity of magma erupted from beneath the Mount Katmai area, resulting in the formation of a 1.2-mile (2 km) wide, funnel-shaped vent and the collapse of Mount Katmai's summit, creating a 2,000-foot (600 m) deep, 1.9 by 2.5 mi (3 by 4 km) caldera. The Novarupta eruption occurred about 6.59 mi (10.61 km) from the peak of Mount Katmai Volcano and 4,000 ft (1,200 m) below the post-eruption Mount Katmai summit. During the 20th century, only the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and the 1902 eruption of Santa María in Guatemala were of comparable magnitude Mount Pinatubo ejected 2.6 cubic miles (11 km 3) of tephra, and Santa María just slightly less.Īt least two larger eruptions occurred in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during the 19th century: the 1815 eruption of Tambora (36 cu mi or 150 km 3 of tephra) and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (4.8 cu mi or 20 km 3 of tephra). The erupted magma of rhyolite, dacite, and andesite resulted in more than 4.1 cubic miles (17 km 3) of air fall tuff and approximately 2.6 cubic miles (11 km 3) of pyroclastic ash-flow tuff. Rated a 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, the 60-hour-long eruption expelled 3.1 to 3.6 cubic miles (13 to 15 km 3) of ash, thirty times as much as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. #NOVA DEFINITION WIKIPEDIA SERIES#
It began on June 6, 1912, and culminated in a series of violent eruptions. The 1912 eruption that formed Novarupta was the largest to occur during the 20th century. Formed during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Novarupta is a volcano that was formed in 1912, located on the Alaska Peninsula on a slope of Trident Volcano in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about 290 miles (470 km) southwest of Anchorage. Map showing volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula, with Novarupta towards the northeast
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